Nezve simba rehydrogen rechizvarwa chinotevera

Tichaunza "hydrogen", chizvarwa chinotevera chesimba risingapindi kabhoni. Hydrogen yakakamurwa kuita mhando nhatu: "hydrogen yegirini", "hydrogen yebhuruu" uye "hydrogen yegrey", imwe neimwe ine nzira yayo yekugadzira yakasiyana. Tichatsanangurawo nzira yega yega yekugadzira, hunhu hwemuviri sezvinhu, nzira dzekuchengetera/kutakura, uye nzira dzekushandisa. Uye ndichazivisawo kuti nei iri sosi yesimba inotonga chizvarwa chinotevera.

Kugadziriswa kweElectro kweMvura Kuti Ibudise Hydrogen Yakasvibirira

Pakushandisa hydrogen, zvakakosha "kugadzira hydrogen" chero zvakadaro. Nzira iri nyore ndeye "kupinza mvura mu electrolyze". Pamwe wakaita sainzi yepuraimari. Zadza bhodhoro nemvura nema electrode mumvura. Kana bhatiri rakabatana nema electrode uye rawedzerwa simba, zvinotevera zvinoitika mumvura uye mune yega yega electrode.
Pa cathode, H+ nemaerekitironi zvinobatana kugadzira gasi rehydrogen, ukuwo anode ichigadzira okisijeni. Kunyange zvakadaro, nzira iyi yakanaka pakuedza kwesainzi yechikoro, asi kuti kugadzira hydrogen mumaindasitiri, nzira dzinoshanda dzakakodzera kugadzirwa kukuru dzinofanira kugadzirwa. Ndiyo "polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
Munzira iyi, membrane yepolymer inopindirana nehydrogen inobvumira kuti maion ehydrogen apfuure inoiswa pakati peanode necathode. Kana mvura ikadururwa muanode yemudziyo, maion ehydrogen anokonzerwa neelectrolysis anofamba nepamembrane inopindirana nehydrogen kuenda kucathode, uko anova molecular hydrogen. Kune rumwe rutivi, maion eoxygen haagone kupfuura nepamembrane inopindirana nehydrogen ova mamorekuru eoxygen paanode.
Uyewo mu alkaline water electrolysis, unogadzira hydrogen ne oxygen nekuparadzanisa anode ne cathode kuburikidza ne separator iyo chete ndiyo inogona kupfuura ne hydroxide ions. Pamusoro pezvo, kune nzira dzeindasitiri dzakadai se high-temperature steam electrolysis.
Nekuita maitiro aya pamwero mukuru, huwandu hwakawanda hwehydrogen hunogona kuwanikwa. Mukuita izvi, huwandu hwakawanda hweokisijeni hunogadzirwawo (hafu yehuwandu hwehydrogen inogadzirwa), kuitira kuti isazove nemhedzisiro yakaipa kunharaunda kana ikaburitswa mumhepo. Zvisinei, electrolysis inoda magetsi akawanda, saka hydrogen isina kabhoni inogona kugadzirwa kana ikagadzirwa nemagetsi asingashandisi mafuta efossil, akadai sematurbine emhepo nema solar panels.
Unogona kuwana "hydrogen yakasvibirira" nekushandisa simba rakachena semagetsi.

Kunewo muchina wekugadzira hydrogen yakawanda pakugadzira hydrogen iyi yegirini. Nekushandisa PEM muchikamu che electrolyzer, hydrogen inogona kugadzirwa nguva dzose.

Hydrogen yebhuruu yakagadzirwa nemafuta efossil

Saka, ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira hydrogen? Hydrogen inowanikwa mumafuta ekare akadai segasi rechisikigo nemarasha sezvinhu zvisiri mvura. Semuenzaniso, funga nezve methane (CH4), chinhu chikuru chegasi rechisikigo. Pane maatomu mana ehydrogen pano. Unogona kuwana hydrogen nekubvisa hydrogen iyi.
Chimwe cheizvi inzira inonzi "steam methane reforming" inoshandisa steam. Nzira yemakemikari yeiyi nzira ndeiyi inotevera.
Sezvamunoona, kabhoni monoxide nehydrogen zvinogona kutorwa kubva mumorekuru imwe chete yemethane.
Nenzira iyi, hydrogen inogona kugadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai se "steam reforming" uye "pyrolysis" yegasi rechisikigo nemarasha. "Blue hydrogen" zvinoreva hydrogen inogadzirwa nenzira iyi.
Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, kabhoni monoxide nekabhoni dhayiokisijeni zvinogadzirwa sezvinhu zvinobva mumhepo. Saka unofanira kuzvidzokorodza zvisati zvaburitswa mumhepo. Kabhoni dhayiokisijeni inobva mumhepo, kana ikasadzoserwa, inova gasi rehydrogen, rinozivikanwa se "grey hydrogen".

Hydrogen Inonzi Element Yerudzii?

Hydrogen ine nhamba yeatomu ye1 uye ndiyo chinhu chekutanga patafura ye periodic.
Huwandu hwemaatomu ndiwo hukuru pane ese ari muchadenga, huchiumba 90% yezvinhu zvese zviri muchadenga. Atomu diki rine proton neelekitironi iatomu rehydrogen.
Hydrogen ine isotopes mbiri dzine manyuturoni akabatana nenucleus. Imwe ine "deuterium" ine neutron uye mbiri ine "tritium" ine neutron. Izvi zvakare zvinhu zvekugadzira simba rekubatanidza.
Mukati menyeredzi yakaita sezuva, kusanganiswa kwenyukireya kubva kuhydrogen kuenda kuhelium kuri kuitika, iyo iri simba rekuti nyeredzi ipenye.
Zvisinei, haidrojeni haiwanzovapo segasi paNyika. Haidrojeni inoumbwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semvura, methane, ammonia uye ethanol. Sezvo haidrojeni iri chinhu chakareruka, sezvo tembiricha ichikwira, kumhanya kwekufamba kwemamorekuru ehydrogen kunowedzera, uye kunobuda kubva pakukweva kwenyika kuenda muchadenga.

Mashandisirwo Ehydrogen? Shandisa Nekutsva

Saka, "hydrogen", iyo yakakwezva kutariswa kwenyika yese senzvimbo yesimba rechizvarwa chinotevera, inoshandiswa sei? Inoshandiswa nenzira mbiri huru: "kupisa" uye "fuel cell". Ngatitangei nekushandisa "kupisa".
Kune mhando mbiri huru dzekupisa dzinoshandiswa.
Yekutanga ndeyemafuta eroketi. Roketi yeH-IIA yeJapan inoshandisa gasi rehydrogen "hydrogen yemvura" uye "oxygen yemvura" iyo iriwo mumamiriro ekupisa semafuta. Izvi zviviri zvinosanganiswa, uye simba rekupisa rinogadzirwa panguva iyoyo rinokurumidza kupinza mamorekuru emvura anogadzirwa, achibhururuka muchadenga. Zvisinei, nekuti injini yacho yakaoma, kunze kweJapan, United States, Europe, Russia, China neIndia chete ndivo vakabudirira kubatanidza mafuta aya.
Chechipiri kugadzira magetsi. Kugadzira magetsi egasi turbine kunoshandisawo nzira yekubatanidza hydrogen neokisijeni kuti igadzire simba. Nemamwe mashoko, inzira inotarisa simba rinopisa rinogadzirwa nehydrogen. Muzviteshi zvemagetsi zvinopisa, kupisa kunobva mukupisa marasha, mafuta negasi rechisikigo kunoburitsa utsi hunofambisa maturbine. Kana hydrogen ikashandiswa senzvimbo yekupisa, chiteshi chemagetsi hachizopindi carbon.

Mashandisirwo Ehydrogen? Inoshandiswa Sesero Remafuta

Imwe nzira yekushandisa hydrogen ndeyekushandisa mafuta, iyo inoshandura hydrogen zvakananga kuita magetsi. Kunyanya, Toyota yakakwezva kutariswa muJapan nekukurudzira mota dzinoshandisa hydrogen panzvimbo pemotokari dzemagetsi (EVs) senzira yekuchinja mota dzinoshandisa peturu sechikamu chematanho ayo ekudzivirira kupisa kwepasi rose.
Zvikuru, tiri kuita maitiro akasiyana-siyana patinotanga nzira yekugadzira "green hydrogen". Fomura yemakemikari ndeiyi inotevera.
Hydrogen inogona kugadzira mvura (mvura inopisa kana utsi) uku ichigadzira magetsi, uye inogona kuongororwa nekuti hairemedzi nharaunda. Kune rumwe rutivi, nzira iyi ine simba shoma rekugadzira magetsi re30-40%, uye inoda platinum sechinhu chinobatsira, nokudaro ichida mari yakawanda.
Parizvino, tiri kushandisa polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) uye phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC). Zvikuru sei, mota dzefuel cell dzinoshandisa PEFC, saka zvinogona kutarisirwa kupararira mune ramangwana.

Kuchengetwa kweHydrogen uye Kutakurwa Kwakachengeteka Here?

Pari zvino, tinofunga kuti wava kunzwisisa magadzirirwo uye mashandisirwo egasi rehydrogen. Saka unochengeta sei hydrogen iyi? Unoiwana sei kwaunoda? Ko nezvekuchengetedzwa panguva iyoyo? Tichatsanangura.
Kutaura zvazviri, hydrogen chinhu chine njodzi zvikuru. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, takashandisa hydrogen segasi rekuyangarara mabharuni, mabharuni, nendege mudenga nekuti raiva rakareruka zvikuru. Zvisinei, musi wa6 Chivabvu 1937, muNew Jersey, USA, "kuputika kwengarava yeHindenburg" kwakaitika.
Kubva tsaona iyi, zvave kuzivikanwa nevanhu vakawanda kuti gasi rehydrogen rine njodzi. Kunyanya kana rikabatira moto, rinoputika zvine simba neokisijeni. Saka, "chengetedza okisijeni" kana kuti "chengetedza kupisa" zvakakosha.
Mushure mekutora matanho aya, takawana nzira yekutumira zvinhu.
Hydrogen igesi rinodziya kana riri patembiricha yemumba, saka kunyangwe richiri gasi, rakakura kwazvo. Nzira yekutanga ndeyekuisa simba rakawanda uye kudzvanya sechivharo paunenge uchigadzira zvinwiwa zvine carbonated. Gadzira tangi repamusoro-soro uye urichengete mumamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwakawanda akadai se45Mpa.
Toyota, iyo inogadzira mota dzinotakura mafuta (FCV), iri kugadzira tangi rehydrogen rine simba repamusoro re resin rinogona kutsungirira kumanikidzwa kwe70 MPa.
Imwe nzira ndeyekutonhodza kusvika -253°C kugadzira hydrogen yemvura, uye kuichengeta nekutakura mumatangi akakosha anodziya. Kufanana neLNG (gasi rechisikigo rakanyungudutswa) kana gasi rechisikigo richitorwa kubva kunze kwenyika, hydrogen inonyungudutswa panguva yekufambisa, zvichideredza huwandu hwayo kusvika 1/800 yemamiriro ayo egasi. Muna 2020, takapedza hydrogen yekutanga yemvura pasi rose. Zvisinei, nzira iyi haina kukodzera mota dzinotakura mafuta nekuti inoda simba rakawanda kuti itonhore.
Kune nzira yekuchengetedza nekutumira mumatangi akadai, asi tiri kugadzirawo dzimwe nzira dzekuchengetedza hydrogen.
Nzira yekuchengetera ndeyekushandisa hydrogen storage alloys. Hydrogen ine hunhu hwekupinda musimbi uye kudziora. Iyi ipfungwa yekuvandudza yakagadzirwa muUnited States muma1960. JJ Reilly et al. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti hydrogen inogona kuchengetwa nekuburitswa uchishandisa alloy yemagnesium nevanadium.
Mushure meizvozvo, akabudirira kugadzira chinhu chakadai sepalladium, chinogona kupinza hydrogen ka935 huwandu hwayo.
Chakanakira kushandisa alloy iyi ndechekuti inogona kudzivirira tsaona dzekubuda kwehydrogen (kunyanya tsaona dzekuputika). Saka, inogona kuchengetwa uye kutakurwa zvakachengeteka. Zvisinei, kana ukasangwarira woisiya munzvimbo isiriyo, alloys dzekuchengetedza hydrogen dzinogona kuburitsa gasi rehydrogen nekufamba kwenguva. Zvakanaka, kunyangwe kamoto kadiki kanogona kukonzera tsaona yekuputika, saka chenjera.
Zvakare zvine dambudziko rekuti kunwa hydrogen kakawanda uye kuibvisa mumuviri kunokonzera kupwanyika uye kuderedza mwero wekunwa hydrogen.
Chimwe chacho kushandisa mapaipi. Pane chikonzero chekuti anofanira kunge asina kumanikidzwa uye asina kumanikidzwa zvakanyanya kudzivirira kupwanyika kwemapaipi, asi mukana wekuti mapaipi egasi aripo anogona kushandiswa. Tokyo Gas yakaita basa rekuvaka paHarumi FLAG, ichishandisa mapaipi egasi eguta kupa hydrogen kumaseru emafuta.

Sangano Remangwana Rakagadzirwa neHydrogen Energy

Chekupedzisira, ngatifungei nezvebasa rinogona kuitwa nehydrogen munharaunda.
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti tinoda kukurudzira nzanga isina kabhoni, tinoshandisa hydrogen kugadzira magetsi pachinzvimbo chesimba rekupisa.
Panzvimbo pemafekitori makuru emagetsi anopisa, dzimwe mhuri dzakatanga masisitimu akadai seENE-FARM, ayo anoshandisa hydrogen inowanikwa nekugadzira gasi rechisikigo kuti agadzire magetsi anodiwa. Zvisinei, mubvunzo wekuti chii chinofanira kuitwa nezvinobuda mukugadzirisa uku uchiripo.

Mune ramangwana, kana kutenderera kwehydrogen pachayo kukawedzera, zvakaita sekuwedzera huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekuisa hydrogen, zvinokwanisika kushandisa magetsi pasina kuburitsa carbon dioxide. Magetsi anogadzira hydrogen yakasvibirira, saka anoshandisa magetsi anogadzirwa nezuva kana mhepo. Simba rinoshandiswa pakugadzira electrolysis rinofanira kunge riri simba rekudzvinyirira huwandu hwemagetsi anowanikwa kana kuchaja bhatiri rinochajwazve kana paine simba rakawandisa rinobva kusimba rechisikigo. Nemamwe mashoko, hydrogen iri munzvimbo imwechete nebhatiri rinochajwazve. Kana izvi zvikaitika, zvichave zvichikwanisika kuderedza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ekupisa. Zuva iro injini yemoto inonyangarika kubva mumotokari riri kusvika nekukurumidza.

Hydrogen inogonawo kuwanikwa kuburikidza neimwe nzira. Kutaura zvazviri, hydrogen ichiri chinhu chinobva mukugadzirwa kwe caustic soda. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chinhu chinobva mukugadzirwa kwe coke mukugadzira iron. Kana ukaisa hydrogen iyi mukugoverwa kwayo, unokwanisa kuwana nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Hydrogen gasi inogadzirwa nenzira iyi inopihwawo nezviteshi zve hydrogen.

Ngatitarisei mberi mune ramangwana. Huwandu hwesimba rinorasika idambudzikowo nenzira yekutumira magetsi inoshandisa waya kupa simba. Saka, mune ramangwana, tichashandisa hydrogen inounzwa nemapaipi, kungofanana nematangi ecarbonic acid anoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinwiwa zvine carbonated, uye tichatenga tangi rehydrogen kumba kuti rigadzire magetsi emhuri yega yega. Midziyo yemafoni inoshanda nemabhatiri ehydrogen yava kuwanda. Zvichave zvinonakidza kuona ramangwana rakadaro.