Tichasuma "hydrogen", chizvarwa chinotevera chesimba iro risingarerekeri kabhoni. Hydrogen yakakamurwa kuva marudzi matatu: "green hydrogen", "blue hydrogen" uye "grey hydrogen", imwe neimwe ine nzira yekugadzira yakasiyana. Isu tichatsanangurawo imwe neimwe nzira yekugadzira, zvinhu zvemuviri sezvinhu, kuchengetedza / nzira dzekufambisa, uye nzira dzekushandisa. Uye ini ndichasumawo kuti nei chiri chinotevera chizvarwa chine simba sosi.
Electrolysis yeMvura Kugadzira Green Hydrogen
Paunenge uchishandisa hydrogen, zvakakosha "kugadzira hydrogen" zvakadaro. Nzira iri nyore ndeye "electrolyze mvura". Zvimwe wakaita mugiredhi chikoro sainzi. Zadza beaker nemvura uye electrodes mumvura. Kana bhatiri rakabatana nema electrode uye rapiwa simba, zvinotevera zvinoitika mumvura uye mune yega yega electrode.
Pa cathode, H + uye maerekitironi anobatana kuti abudise hydrogen gasi, nepo anode ichiburitsa okisijeni. Zvakadaro, nzira iyi yakanakira kuyedza sainzi yechikoro, asi kugadzira hydrogen mumaindasitiri, nzira dzinoshanda dzakakodzera kugadzirwa kwakakura dzinofanirwa kugadzirirwa. Ndiyo "polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
Nenzira iyi, iyo polymer semipermeable membrane inobvumira kupfuura kwehydrogen ions inoiswa pakati peanode uye cathode. Kana mvura yadirwa muanode yemudziyo, maion ehydrogen anogadzirwa neelectrolysis anofamba nekasemipermeable membrane achienda kucathode, kwaanoita molecular hydrogen. Kune rimwe divi, maion eokisijeni haakwanise kupfuura nepakati pesemipermeable membrane uye ave mamorekuru eokisijeni pane anode.
Zvakare mumvura yealkaline electrolysis, iwe unogadzira haidrojeni neokisijeni nekuparadzanisa anode uye cathode kuburikidza neinoparadzanisa iyo chete hydroxide ion inogona kupfuura. Pamusoro pezvo, kune nzira dzeindasitiri dzakadai seyepamusoro-tembiricha steam electrolysis.
Nekuita maitiro aya pamwero mukuru, huwandu hukuru hwehydrogen hunogona kuwanikwa. Mukuita izvi, huwandu hwakakosha hweokisijeni inogadzirwawo (hafu yehuwandu hwehydrogen inogadzirwa), kuitira kuti irege kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa yezvakatipoteredza kana ikaburitswa mumhepo. Zvisinei, electrolysis inoda magetsi akawanda, saka carbon-isina hydrogen inogona kugadzirwa kana ichigadzirwa nemagetsi asingashandisi mafuta emafuta, akadai semagetsi emhepo uye solar panels.
Iwe unogona kuwana "green hydrogen" ne electrolyzing mvura uchishandisa simba rakachena.
Kune zvakare jenareta yehydrogen yekugadzira yakakura-yegirinhi iyi hydrogen. Nekushandisa PEM muchikamu che electrolyzer, hydrogen inogona kugadzirwa nguva dzose.
Blue Hydrogen Yakagadzirwa kubva kuFossil Fuels
Saka, ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira hydrogen? Hydrogen inowanikwa muhuturu hwakadai segasi rechisikigo nemarasha sezvimwe zvinhu zvisiri mvura. Semuenzaniso, funga nezve methane (CH4), chikamu chikuru chegasi rechisikigo. Pane maatomu mana ehydrogen pano. Iwe unogona kuwana hydrogen nekutora iyi haidrojeni kunze.
Imwe yeiyi inzira inonzi "steam methane reforming" inoshandisa utsi. Mushonga wemakemikari weiyi nzira ndeokuti.
Sezvauri kuona, kabhoni monoxide uye hydrogen inogona kutorwa kubva kune imwechete methane molecule.
Nenzira iyi, hydrogen inogona kugadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai se "steam reforming" uye "pyrolysis" yegasi chaiyo uye marasha. “Blue hydrogen” inoreva hydrogen inogadzirwa nenzira iyi.
Muchiitiko ichi, zvisinei, carbon monoxide uye carbon dioxide zvinogadzirwa se-zvigadzirwa. Saka unofanira kuashandisazve asati abuditswa mumhepo. Iyo ye-chigadzirwa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi, kana isina kuwanikwa, inova hydrogen gasi, inozivikanwa se "grey hydrogen".
Rudzii rweElement iHydrogen?
Hydrogen ine nhamba yeatomu ye1 uye ndicho chinhu chekutanga patafura ye periodic.
Huwandu hwemaatomu ndihwo hwakakura pasi rose, hunotora chikamu che90% chezvinhu zvese zviri muchadenga. Atomu diki diki rine proton nerekitironi iatomu rehydrogen.
Hydrogen ine masotopi maviri ane manyutroni akasungirirwa pamwoyo. Imwe neutron-yakasungwa "deuterium" uye maviri neutron-akabatanidzwa "tritium". Izvi zvakare zvinhu zvekugadzira magetsi ekubatanidza.
Mukati menyeredzi yakaita sezuva, kusanganiswa kwenyukireya kubva kuhydrogen kuenda kuhelium kuri kuitika, kunova ndiko kunoita kuti nyeredzi ipenye.
Zvisinei, hydrogen haiwanzovapo segasi paNyika. Hydrogen inoumba makomboni nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semvura, methane, ammonia uye ethanol. Sezvo hydrogen chiri chinhu chakareruka, sezvo tembiricha inokwira, kukurumidza kufamba kwemamorekuru ehydrogen kunowedzera, uye kunopukunyuka kubva musimba rinokwevera pasi kuenda kunze.
Nzira yekushandisa Hydrogen? Kushandiswa neKupisa
Zvino, "hydrogen", iyo yakakwezva kutarisisa kwepasirese sechizvarwa chinotevera simba sosi, inoshandiswa sei? Inoshandiswa nenzira mbiri huru: "kupisa" uye "sero remafuta". Ngatitange nekushandiswa kwe "kupisa".
Kune marudzi maviri makuru ekupisa anoshandiswa.
Yekutanga yakaita semafuta eroketi. Roketi yeJapan H-IIA inoshandisa gasi rehydrogen “liquid hydrogen” uye “liquid oxygen” iro riri zvakare mu cryogenic state sehuni. Izvi zviviri zvakabatanidzwa, uye simba rekupisa rinogadzirwa panguva iyoyo rinoita kuti jekiseni remvura inogadzirwa, ichibhururuka mudenga. Nekudaro, nekuti iri injini yakaoma nehunyanzvi, kunze kweJapan, United States, Europe, Russia, China neIndia chete vakabudirira kubatanidza mafuta aya.
Chechipiri kugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Gasi turbine simba rekugadzira rinoshandisawo nzira yekubatanidza haidrojeni neokisijeni kugadzira simba. Mune mamwe mazwi, inzira inotarisa simba rekupisa rinogadzirwa nehydrogen. Muzvidyarwa zvemagetsi zvinopisa, kupisa kunobva mukupisa marasha, oiri uye gasi rechisikigo kunoburitsa chiutsi chinotyaira maturbine. Kana haidrojeni ikashandiswa senzvimbo yekupisa, gwenya remagetsi rinenge risina kabhoni.
Nzira yekushandisa Hydrogen? Inoshandiswa seA Fuel Cell
Imwe nzira yekushandisa haidhirojeni yakaita sefuel cell, inoshandura haidhirojeni kuita magetsi. Kunyanya, Toyota yakakwevera kutarisisa muJapan nekutaura mota dzehydrogen-fueled pachinzvimbo chemotokari dzemagetsi (EVs) seimwe nzira yemotokari dzepeturu sechikamu chemaitiro ayo ekudziya kwepasirese.
Kunyanya, isu tiri kuita reverse maitiro patinounza nzira yekugadzira ye "green hydrogen". Iyo kemikari formula ndeyotevera.
Hydrogen inogona kuburitsa mvura (mvura inopisa kana chiutsi) ichigadzira magetsi, uye inogona kuongororwa nekuti hairemedze nharaunda. Kune rumwe rutivi, nzira iyi ine simba rakaderera rekugadzira simba re30-40%, uye inoda platinum sechinhu chinokonzera, nekudaro zvinoda kuwedzerwa mari.
Parizvino, tiri kushandisa polymer electrolyte mafuta masero (PEFC) uye phosphoric acid mafuta masero (PAFC). Kunyanya, mota dzemafuta dzinoshandisa PEFC, saka inogona kutarisirwa kupararira mune ramangwana.
Kuchengeta Hydrogen uye Kutakura Kwakachengeteka?
Parizvino, isu tinofunga kuti unonzwisisa kuti hydrogen gasi rinogadzirwa uye rinoshandiswa sei. Saka unochengeta sei hydrogen iyi? Unoiwana sei kwaunoda? Zvakadini nokuchengeteka panguva iyoyo? Tichatsanangura.
Kutaura zvazviri, hydrogen zvakare chinhu chine ngozi zvikuru. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, takashandisa hydrogen segasi kuyangarara mabharumu, mabharumu, uye zvikepe mudenga nokuti maiva nechiedza zvikuru. Zvisinei, pana May 6, 1937, muNew Jersey, USA, “kuputika kwechikepe cheHindenburg” kwakaitika.
Kubva pakaitika tsaona, zvave zvichizivikanwa zvakanyanya kuti hydrogen gasi ine njodzi. Kunyanya kana yabata moto, inoputika zvine simba neokisijeni. Naizvozvo, “kudzivisa mweya wekufema” kana kuti “kurega kupisa” kunokosha.
Mushure mekutora matanho aya, takauya nenzira yekutumira.
Hydrogen igasi patembiricha yemumba, saka kunyangwe ichiri gasi, ine zvakawanda. Nzira yekutanga ndeyekuisa high pressure uye compress secylinder paunenge uchigadzira zvinwiwa zvecarbonated. Gadzirira tangi yakakosha-yepamusoro-soro uye uichengete pasi pemamiriro ekudzvinyirira akadai se45Mpa.
Toyota, iyo inogadzira mota dzemafuta (FCV), iri kugadzira resin yakakwira-kudzvanya hydrogen tank inogona kumira makumi manomwe MPa kudzvanywa.
Imwe nzira ndeyekutonhodza kusvika -253°C kugadzira mvura yehydrogen, woichengeta nekuitakura mumatangi akakosha anovharirwa kupisa. Kufanana neLNG (liquefied natural gas) kana gasi rechisikigo richitengeswa kubva kunze kwenyika, hydrogen inonyungudutswa panguva yekufambisa, ichidzikisa huwandu hwayo kusvika pa1/800 yenzvimbo yayo ine gasi. Muna 2020, takapedza nyika yekutanga mvura inotakura hydrogen. Nekudaro, nzira iyi haina kukodzera kumota dzemafuta edzimotokari nekuti inoda simba rakawanda kuti itonhore.
Pane nzira yekuchengetedza uye kutumira mumatangi akadai, asi isu tiri kugadzira dzimwe nzira dzekuchengetedza hydrogen.
Nzira yekuchengetedza ndeye kushandisa hydrogen kuchengetedza alloys. Hydrogen ine midziyo yesimbi inopinda ichidzikira. Iri izano rebudiriro rakagadzirwa kuUnited States kuma1960. JJ Reilly et al. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti hydrogen inogona kuchengetwa uye kusunungurwa uchishandisa alloy ye magnesium uye vanadium.
Mushure maizvozvi, akabudirira kugadzira chinhu, chakadai sepalladium, chinogona kutora hydrogen kakapetwa ka935.
Chakanakira kushandisa alloy iyi ndechekuti inogona kudzivirira hydrogen leakage tsaona (kunyanya tsaona dzekuputika). Nokudaro, inogona kuchengetwa zvakachengeteka uye kutakurwa. Nekudaro, kana iwe ukasangwarira uye uchiisiya munzvimbo isiriyo, hydrogen kuchengetedza alloys inogona kuburitsa hydrogen gasi nekufamba kwenguva. Zvakanaka, kunyange spark diki inogona kukonzera tsaona yekuputika, saka chenjera.
Iyo zvakare ine iyo yakashata iyo inodzokororwa hydrogen absorption uye desorption inotungamira kune embrittlement uye kuderedza iyo hydrogen absorption rate.
Imwe yacho ndeyekushandisa mapaipi. Pane mamiriro ezvinhu ekuti inofanira kunge isiri-compressed uye yakaderera kudzvinyirira kudzivirira embrittlement yepombi, asi chakanakira ndechekuti iripo gasi pombi inogona kushandiswa. Tokyo Gasi yakaita basa rekuvaka paHarumi FLAG, ichishandisa mapaipi egasi eguta kupa hydrogen kumaseru emafuta.
Ramangwana Sosaiti Yakagadzirwa neHydrogen Energy
Pakupedzisira, ngatitarisei basa rehydrogen rinogona kuita munharaunda.
Zvinonyanya kukosha tinoda kusimudzira nzanga isina kabhoni, tinoshandisa hydrogen kugadzira magetsi panzvimbo yekupisa simba.
Panzvimbo pemagetsi makuru ekupisa, dzimwe dzimba dzakaunza masisitimu akadai seENE-FARM, ayo anoshandisa hydrogen inowanikwa nekugadzirisa gasi rechisikigo kugadzira magetsi anodiwa. Zvisinei, mubvunzo wekuti chii chekuita ne-by-products yemaitiro ekugadzirisa unoramba uripo.
Mune ramangwana, kana kutenderera kwehydrogen pachayo kunowedzera, zvakadai sekuwedzera nhamba ye hydrogen refueling stations, zvinokwanisika kushandisa magetsi pasina kubudisa carbon dioxide. Magetsi anogadzira hydrogen yakasvibirira, hongu, saka anoshandisa magetsi anogadzirwa nechiedza chezuva kana mhepo. Simba rinoshandiswa pakugadzira magetsi rinofanirwa kunge riri simba rekudzvanyirira huwandu hwemagetsi ekugadzira kana kuchaja bhatiri rinochajika kana paine simba rakawanda kubva kusimba rezvisikwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo haidrojeni iri munzvimbo imwechete nebhatiri rechargeable. Kana izvi zvikaitika, pakupedzisira zvinogoneka kuderedza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ekupisa. Zuva iro injini yekupisa yemukati inonyangarika kubva kumotokari iri kuuya nekukurumidza.
Hydrogen inogonawo kuwanikwa kuburikidza neimwe nzira. Kutaura zvazviri, haidrojeni ichiri kugadzirwa kwecaustic soda. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ndeye-chigadzirwa chekugadzira coke mukugadzira ironmaking. Kana iwe ukaisa iyi haidrojeni mukugovera, iwe unozokwanisa kuwana akawanda masosi. Gasi reHydrogen rinogadzirwa nenzira iyi rinopihwawo nezviteshi zvehydrogen.
Ngatitarisei mberi mune ramangwana. Kuwanda kwesimba rakarasika inyayawo nenzira yekufambisa iyo inoshandisa waya kupa simba. Naizvozvo, mune ramangwana, tichashandisa haidhirojeni inounzwa nemapaipi, sezvakangoita matangi e<em>carbonic acid anoshandiswa kugadzira zvinwiwa zvine carbonated, totenga tangi rehaidhirojeni kumba kugadzira magetsi emhuri yega yega. Zvishandiso zvenhare zvinomhanya pamabhatiri ehydrogen zviri kuwanda. Zvichava zvinonakidza kuona ramangwana rakadaro.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-08-2023
